Micro-organisms
extract a huge toll in terms of human suffering, lost productivity and
economic damage. They do not affect only people, but also livestock,
crops and even inanimate objects. Algae may foul huge volumes of water
or cause accidents on slippery paths. Moulds can taint food and attack
textiles, wood, painted surfaces and the like.
Food-bom
bacteria not only cost money through spoilage. They can also cause
infection and poisoning. Despite improved food-handling techniques,
codes of hygiene and heightened insight into temperature regulation as a
control mechanism, the number of gastrointestinal diseases is actually
on the rise, particularly in highly developed regions.
Vaccination
schemes, antibiotics and other medications have only limited
effectiveness. Some bacteria and fungi produce toxins that cannot be
counteracted. Many microbial diseases cannot be cured. New, resistant
strains of micro-organisms are appearing.
The
best means of combating disease is prevention. The best means of
prevention is a universal disinfectant that is safe, easy to use and
effective against all bacteria, fungi and viruses detrimental to the
health of humans, animals and plants.
Halamid®
is one of the few disinfectants capable of meeting these criteria. Based
on a chemical substance known as Sodium N-Chloro-para-Toluenesulfonamide,
or "Chloramine T" for short, Halamid® ionizes when dissolved
in water.
The
Chloramine T ion reacts with organic material like proteins or enzyms it
encounters, by that quickly destroying cell material or disrupting
essential cell processes. Because Halamid® attacks microbes through a
process of oxidation, they cannot build up a resistance to it. In
addition, the Chloramine T ion is highly stable and remains active over
an extended period of time.
Halamid®
is a unique product. Unlike many germicides, which can also be toxic to
other life forms, it is effective even at very low concentrations and
therefore completely safe. It is even used to disinfect skin and wounds,
as well as for personal hygiene. At the same time, it can literally be a
life-saver when applied as a reliable disinfectant of drinking water in
remote and during disasters.
Unlike
other chlorine-based disinfectants, the formation of harmful chlorinated
organic compounds (AOX) is negligible with Halamid®. As a fast-acting
disinfectant that remains stable for several days in solution and at
least one year in solid form, Halamid® has a low toxicity, is readily
biodegradable and does not accumulate in the environment.
Micro-organisms
against which Halamid® has proven to be active
Halamid®
is unique in killing of micro organisms
The
universal character of Halamid® is reflected not only by the wide
diversity of application areas, but also by the wide variety of
microorganisms versus which Halamid® is an effective germicide. Halamid®
is efficacious against the whole range of micro-organisms, including
Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and viruses. Most
disinfectants particularly have no activity versus so-called naked
viruses at all. Here again Halamid® stands out as an ally in combating
viral contaminations.
International
testing confirms above claim and establishes Halamid® as an all-round
and highly versatile disinfectant.
Its
mechanism is triggered in a watery solution by the presence of
micro-organisms. Active groups are released in proportion to the demand
and penetrate the walls of the micro-organisms concerned leading to
their inevitable destruction without the risk of a resistance build-up.
What matters are the right strength and the proper time of exposure.
Micro-organisms
against which Halamid® has proven to be active
• Bacteria
• Viruses
• Fungi
• Algae
• Yeasts
• Parasites
Bacteria
(At least 95 types)
Acinetobacter spp
Actinobacillus
pleuropneumoniae
Aeromonas hydrophila
Aeromomas salmonicida
Alcaligenes faecalis
Bacillus antaecis
Bacillus anthracis
Bacillus cereus
Bacillus diphteria
Bacillus dysentery
Bacillus mesentericus
Bacillus subtilis spores
Bacillus subtilus
Bacillus tuberculosis
Bacterium enteritidis Gaertner
Bacterium paratyphi
Bacterium rhusopatheae
Brucella abortus bang
Brucella suis
Clostridium welchii
Clostridium sporogenes
Clostridium bifermentas
Clostridium tertium
Clostridium histolyticum
Clostridium caloritolerans
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacteriaceae Citrobacter
Enterobacteriaceae Hafnia
Enterobacteriaceae Klebsiella
Enterobacteriaceae Kluvera
Enterobacteriaceae Serratia
Enterococcus faecium
Escherichia coli
Flavobacterium branchiophilum
Flavobacterium haematocrits
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Listeria monocytogenes
Micrococcus avium
Micrococcus citreus
Micrococcus pyogenes
Moraxella spp
Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium lacticola
Mycobacterium minetti
Mycobacterium pellegrino
Mycobacterium phlei
Mycobacterium piscium
Mycobacterium smegmatis
Mycobacterium vole bacillus
Pasteurella
Pediococcus cerevisiae
Proteus mirabilis
Proteus vulgaris
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas fluorescens
Pseudomonas fragi
Pseudomonas putida
Pseudomonas putrefaciens
Pseudomonas pyocyanea
Pseudomonas tolaasii
Pyocyaneus
Salmonella anatum
Salmonella dublin
Salmonella durban
Salmonella livingstone
Salmonella newbrunswick
Salmonella newport
Salmonella oranienburg
Salmonella paratyphi B
Salmonella pullorum
Salmonella rostock
Salmonella senftenberg
Salmonella thompson
Salmonella typhimurium
Sarcina lutea
Shigella boydii
Shigella sonnei
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus haemol^
Staphylococcus bag
Staphylococcus paratyphosa B
Staphylococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus faecalis
Streptococcus faecium
Vibdo alginoliticus
Vibrio anguilarum
Vibrio cholerae
Vibrio harveyi
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
Vibrio salmonicida
Yersinia enterocolitica
Yersinia pseudo-tuberculosis
Yersinia ruckerii
Virus
(At least 49 types)
Adenovirus
African
swine fever virus
Auj
eszky Disease virus
Avian
reovirus
Canine
parvovirus
Celovirus
Classical
swine fever virus
Corona
virus
Coxsackie
virus
Diphteria
virus
Ektromelie
virus
Encephalomyocarditis
virus
Enteric
cytopathogenic bovine
orphan
virus (ECBO)
European
swine fever virus
Foot
and Mouth Disease virus
Fowl
plague virus (NCD)
Fowl
pox virus
Gumboro
Disease virus
Hepatitis
B virus
Hepatitus
contagiosa canine virus
Herpes
virus
Human
Immune-Deficiency virus (HIV)
Human
rotavirus
Infectious
bronchitis virus
Infectious
bursitis virus
Infectious
pancreatic necrosis
Influenza
virus
Irido
virus (ASFV)
Myxomatosis
virus
New
Castle Disease virus
Orthopox
commune virus (vaccinia)
Paramyxo
virus
Picoma
virus
Poliovirus
Porcine
parvovirus
Pox
virus
Pseudo
Bird Pest virus
Rabies
virus (fixed)
Reovirus
Retro
virus
Rhino
pneumonic virus
South
African Pest virus
Swine
fever virus
Systematic
ectodermal and
mesodermal
aculo
virus (SMBV)
Teschen
virus
Toga
virus
Vaccinia
virus
Vesicular
Swine Disease virus
White
spot disease virus (SMB')
Fungi
(At least 22 types)
Aspergillus
amstellodami
Aspergillus
flavus
Aspergillus
fumigatus
Aspergillus
niger
Aspergillus
versicolor
Chaetomium
globosum
Cladosporium
cladosporoides
Entomophthora
destruens
Entomophthora
thaxteriana
Entomophthora
virulenta
Epidermophyton
floccosum
Microsporum
canis
Microsporum
gypseum
Myothecium
verrucaris
Oospora
lactis
Paecillomyces
variotii
Pencillium
funiculosum
Pencillium
verruccosum
Saprolegnia
parasitica
Trichoderma
viride
Trichophyton
equinum
Trichophyton
mentagrophytes
Parasites
(At least 4 types)
Epistylis
Gyrodactilus
salaris
Ichtyobodo
necator
Ichtyophthiriu
Algae
(At least 6 types)
Anabaena
cylindrica
Chlorella
vulgaris
Oscillatoria
tenuis
Skeletonema
sp.
Stigeoclonium
sp.
Tetraselmis
sp.
Yeasts
At least 4 types)
Candida
albicans
Cryptococcus
spp
Saccharomyces
cerevisiae
Saccharomyces
diastaticus
Testing
continues. Please contact us if your troublesome bacteria, virus or
fungus is not listed. There are no bacteria and viruses known to which
Halamid® is not effective. The actual required dosage is dependant on
practical conditions, such as contact time, organic matter and
temperature, which may be different from testing circumstances.
Biocidal
mode of action
Historical
view on the biocidal mode of action
Since
the first publication by Chattaway(1) in 1905 on Sodium N-Chloro-para-Toluenesulfonamide
(Chloramine T, or by Akzo Nobel trade name Halamid®) and the first
introduction as a disinfectant by Dakin"' in 1916 this product has
been seen as slow hypochlorite (HOC1 and/or OC1") releasing agent.
This although some authors reported about properties that conflicted
with this theory0'^. Product properties conflicting with the theory of
slow hypochlorite release in comparison to hypochlorite and
chloro-isocyanurates are:
-
excellent stability of the aqueous solution
-
moderate pH dependence of the biocidal efficacy
-
moderate influence of organic matter on the biocidal efficacy
-
hardly any skin irritation
-
hardly any chlorination ability.
Biocidal
mode of action
So
the biocidal mode of action of Halamid® is:
Halamid®,
dissolved in water, ionizes and forms the Chloramine T ion. This
Chloramine T ion reacts with organic material, such as bacteria, fungi,
viruses, with which it comes into contact. This oxidative reaction
quickly kills the micro-organism, even at low concentrations and low
temperatures. Because of the irreversibility of the oxidative reaction
there is no possibility for the micro-organisms to create resistance.
The biocidal
properties of Halamid® are based on the Chloramine T ion itself which
is directly involved in the oxidative destruction of bacteria, viruses
and fungi.
Hospital
and institutional cleaning
• Disinfection of miscellaneous rooms
• Disinfection of objects
Institutional
cleaning
The
compatibility of Halamid® with virtually all materials makes it the
disinfectant of choice for institutional disinfection in places such as
kitchens, canteens, showers, bathrooms and Practically all surfaces and
objects can safely be disinfected with Halamid®, which is completely
reliable. It can also be used in hydrotherapy and in combination with detergents.
Hospitals
and homes for the elderly
Sick
and old people have in common that they are more vulnerable in terms of
microbial attacks. Therefore, their environment demands high standards
of hygiene. There should be a heightened alertness the possible
carry-over of micro-organisms. Vectors are people, miscellaneous
surfaces, a streams, food and (drinking) water. Disinfection is one of
many measures for blocking microbial dispersal. Wherever disinfection
comes in, the disinfectant of choice should be bactericidal, fungicidal
and virucidal. Few disinfectants will comply; Halamid® is among
exceptional chemicals that are fully dependable.
Micro
biocidal activity
Gram-negative,
gram-positive bacteria and virusses are a constant source of problems in
the institutions.
Halamid® stands out as a virucidal agent, which in combination with its
bacteria reliability
make it the disinfectant of choice. As Pseudomonas and specific
Streptococci strains are among the most resistant bacteria, there is
hardly any need for further bactericidal search is of interest
however.to see confirmed that Halamid® is able to destroy notorious
pathogens such as:
Micro
organism
Eschericia
Coli
Salmonella
Pseudomonas
Vibrio
cholerae
Bacillus
tuberculosis
Lactic
acid bacteiw"-
Staphylococci
Streptococci
Enterobacteria
Coxsackie
virus
HIV
virus
Polio
virus
Human
rotavirus
Toxicity
Safe to nature
Halamid® has a low acute
toxicity level of LD50 - 1,000 mg/kg in rats and mice. Its 90-day no
effect level (NOEL) in rats is 15 mg/kg/day. Acute inhalation tests in
rats produced no mortality upon exposure of 4 hours to a mist of 5% Halamid®
solution, equivalent to 4.2 mg Halamid®/dm3.
Safe to handle, both in powder form in
aqueous solutions
Halamid® is transported
mainly in its pure crystalline powder form. When used as a disinfectant
it is dissolved in water and applied as an aqueous solution. The
toxicidity data show that Halamid®
is a product that is Safe to Handle both as a solid and in aqeous
solution.
Oral toxicity
